Against the law of the Saracens
By Fr. Riccoldo da monte di Croce, O.P.
Florence; c. 1243-1320
The ridiculous vision
they tell of Muhammad,
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Fourteenthly, it is necessary to consider what fictitious vision Muhammad composed, which is an exposition of a certain <chapter> of the Quran [1] . |
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(5) For it is said in the chapter on the Children of Israel : “Praise be to Him who made His servant pass in one night from the oratory of Elharam - which is the house of Mesque - to the most remote oratory - which is the holy house in Jerusalem - about which we have blessed” etc. [2] |
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(8) The explanation of this sentence is that one day Mohammed was singing the morning hymn. And when he had finished he said to the men: O you, he said, men, understand. Late in the evening, after I had departed from you, Gabriel came to me after the last evening hymn and said to me: O Mohammed, God hasten to you that you may visit him. To whom he said: And where shall I visit him? And Gabriel said: In the place where he is. |
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(13) And he brought me a beast larger than a donkey and smaller than a mule, and his name was Elberahk [3] , and he said to me: Mount this one and ride all the way to the holy house. And when I was about to ascend, | 209v | the beast fled. And he said to him: Stand firm, for it is Muhammad who is about to ascend. The beast answered: Has he been sent for him? Gabriel answered: Yes. And the beast said: I will not allow him to ascend unless he first prays to God for me. But I interceded for the beast with my God, and mounted the beast and it walked, sitting on me, with a slow step, and placed the hoof of its foot in the horizon of its sight. And so I came to the holy house in a space less than the twinkling of an eye [4] . And Gabriel was with me and brought me to the rock in the holy house in Jerusalem. And Gabriel said: Come down, for from the rock you will ascend into heaven. And I went down. And Gabriel fastened the beast Elberak with a circle to the rock, and carried me on his shoulders up to heaven. |
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(27) And when we had come to the heaven of the world, Gabriel knocked at the gate and it was said to him: Who is it? He answered: I am Gabriel. And it was said to him again: And who is with you? He answered: Muhammad. And the gatekeeper said: Has he been sent for him? Gabriel answered: Yes. And he opened the gate for us and I saw a nation of angels, and bending my knees twice for them I poured out a prayer. |
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(32) And after that Gabriel took me and led me to the second heaven. And there was a distance between one heaven and the other of a journey of five hundred years. And as in the first he said that he knocked and answered, so throughout all the heavens, even to the seventh heaven. |
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(35) In which seventh heaven he describes that he saw a people of angels. The length of each angel was like the world many thousand times, each of whom had seven hundred thousand heads, and on each head seven hundred thousand mouths, and on each mouth seven hundred thousand tongues praising God in seven hundred thousand languages. And he looked upon one angel weeping and asked the cause of his weeping, and answered: They are guilty. But he himself prayed for him. |
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(41) And thus, he says, Gabriel commended me to another angel and he to another and so on until I stood before God and his tribunal. And God touched me with his hand between the shoulders so much so that the coldness of his hand reached even to the marrow of my spine . And God said to me: I have imposed on you and your people fifty prayers. |
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(46) And when I had descended to the fourth heaven, Moses advised me to ascend again to relieve myself because my people were not able to do so much. And on the first return I obtained remission of ten, up to the fourth time; and on the fifth return from the fourth to the seventh, there remained only five prayers. And when Moses had said, "Nor will they be able to do this," I did not ascend any more because of the confusion of ascending so many times; but returning to Albarak, I rode back to the house of Mesque. And the time of all this was less than a tenth part of the night. "That vision is more about what we have left behind," says the actor, "than what we have narrated." |
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(55) And when Muhammad had told this fiction to all nations, sixty thousand men departed from his law. And when they said to him, "Ascend into heaven while we are watching by day and let us see the angels meeting," he did not recognize his falsehood but said, "Praise be to my God! Am I anything but one of men and a messenger?" |
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(60) And so in the chapter of the Prophets he tells of those who complained that miracles were performed by him thus: They said of Muhammad, namely: "You have listened to dreams, but you have composed blasphemies, or perhaps you have composed poetry; come to us at least with one miracle, as those who were sent before you." He answers: "We have destroyed, says God, cities before those who did not believe. Will they themselves believe?" And how will they demand miracles from him? He will answer them that "those who were before you did not believe in miracles, nor would you believe in miracles, nor will you believe except by the sword." |
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(67) Listen then, you Mahometists: if you verify the Koran, it is he who affirms that Mahomet performed no miracle. But there were far more whom the sword consumed than who followed him freely [6] , as was clear above . |
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(71) This mere fabrication of the vision aforesaid should suffice to refute whatever Muhammad said and did. For, as has been often said above, the Holy Spirit did not allow him to lie except in such a way that | 210v | it is clear that every man would easily perceive the fabrication. For sometimes he states unheard-of miracles about himself, sometimes he says that he performed no miracles, sometimes he says that he is only a messenger and a man, sometimes he is more than an angel and intercedes for angels. And why did he need a donkey or a beast from Mecca to Jerusalem who went from Jerusalem to the last heaven without a donkey? And how could heaven endure so many splendors of angels who said that when an angel appeared to him, he always fell to the ground, and foamed and was shaken and his hands and feet were bent? For in the aforesaid vision he does not state that he was raptured, but says that he ascended in body and soul together [7] ; a sign of which is that he says that God touched him with his hand between the shoulders and felt a coldness [8] down to the marrow of his spine. Therefore, he places both angels and God as situated in a corporeal dimension. |
[1] Dans ce chapitre Riccoldo transcribes lechapitre 12de laContrarietas alpholica,"De fictione improbabilissime visionis", ff. 261v-263v. Ce chapitre du CLS a parfois été évoqué comme une source possible de l'islamologie deDante; sur ce problème fori complexe cf. P. MANDONNET, Dante et le voyage de Mahomet au Paradis, "Bulletin du Jubilé", N° 5, Paris 1921-22, pp. 544-55; M. RODINSON,Dante et l'Islam d'après des travaux récents, «Rev. d'Hist. on Religion" 1951, 214; E. CERULLI,Il libro della Scala, e la questione delle fonti arabo-spagnole della Divina Commedia, Vatican 1949, Studi e Testi 150, pp. 346-354; Nuove ricerche sul Libro della Scala e la conoscenza dell'Islam in Occidente, Vatican 1972, Studi e Testi 271, p. 317. Ce chapitre du CLS évoque deux événements successifs de la vie de Mahomet:al-isrâ', ou voyage nocturne (Cor. 17,1) et lemi'râdj, l'ascension au ciel (Encycl. de l'Islam, 2aed.,"Mi'râdj"); GARDET, p. 75; Idem,Dieu et la destinée de l'homme, pp. 152-154; L. MASSIGNON,Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la Mystique Musulmane, Paris 1954, pp. 277 sq.
Maria Corti , Scritti su Cavalcanti e Dante , Torino (Einaudi) 2003. Rigore philologico, ampio filtro delle fonti storico-filosophiche. La "Commedia" di Dante e l'oltretomba islamico , pp. 365-79: nulla su Riccoldo, che purely poteva interesare, se non altro per fissare l'alterità qualitativa delle connexions islamiche in circolazione nella medesima geographica e chronologica. Index of the name of the god, pp. 391-99.
[ 2] Heart 17,1: "Gloire à Celui qui a transporté son serviteur , la nuit, de la Mosquée Sacrée à la Mosquée très éloigne autour de laquelle nous avons mis Notre bénédiction" (R. BLACHERE, Le Coran , Paris 1966, p. 305). "Gloria a Colui che rapì di notte il Suo servo dal Tempio Santo al Tempio Ultimo, dai benedetti precinti, per mostrargli dei Nostri Segni" (tr. A. Bausani, Firenze 1961, 201).
[3] Encycl. de l'Islam , 2 a ed., "al-Burâ k ".
[4] Let it be completed: Note that the camel did not go for eighty(?) days add. R marg. s .
[5] frigidity ] fritas cod ., frigidity superadd. R
[6] Contrarietas alpholica XII , Paris BN lat. 3394, f f. 261v- 263v (entire chapter 12): «Also he said in the chapter on the Children of Israel: Blessed is he who made his servant pass through one night from the oratory of Elharam, which is interpreted as robbery. , which is the house of Mesque, where the body of Mahomet is, up to the most remote oratory which is the holy house in Jerusalem, about which we have blessed [17, 1]. The exposition of this sentence is that Mahomet was psalming one day at the morning hour. And when |262r| he had finished, he said to the men: O you, he says, men, understand. Late after I had departed from you, Gabriel came to me after the last evening psalmody and said to me: O Mahomet, God commands you to visit him. To whom I said: And where shall I visit him? And Gabriel said: In the place where he is. And he brought me a beast larger than a donkey and smaller than a mule, and his name was Elberak, and he said to me: Mount this and ride up to the holy house. And when I was about to ascend, the beast fled. And he said to him: Stand firm, for it is Mahomet who is about to ascend. The beast answered: Has he been sent for Mahomet? To Gabriel: Of course. The beast said: I will not allow him to ascend unless he first prays to God for me. But I interceded for the beast with my God. And the beast ascended and walked with me seated at a slow pace, and placed the staff of his foot in the horizon of his sight. Thus I came to the holy house in a space less than the span of an eye. And Gabriel was with me and brought me to the rock in the holy house. And Gabriel said: Descend, for from the rock you will ascend to heaven. I descended and Gabriel fastened the beast Elberak with a circle to the rock, and carried me on his shoulders up to heaven. And when we came to the heaven of the world, Gabriel knocked at the gate, and it was said to him again: Who is with you? He answered: Muhammad. And the gatekeeper said: |262v| Has he been sent for him? He answered: Yes, Gabriel. And he opened the gate for us and I saw a nation of angels, and bending my knees twice for them I poured out prayers; and afterwards Gabriel received me and led me to the second heaven. And there was a distance between that second heaven and the heaven of the world, a journey of five hundred years. And as in the first he said that he knocked and answered, so in the first to the seventh heaven, understand it of all the heavens. In which seventh heaven he describes that he saw a people of angels. The length of each angel was like the world many thousand times; each of whom had seven hundred thousand heads, and on each head seven hundred thousand eyes, and seven hundred thousand mouths, and each mouth had seven hundred thousand tongues praising God in seven hundred thousand languages. And he looked upon one angel weeping and asked the cause of his weeping and answered: They are guilty. But he himself prayed for him. And thus, he says, Gabriel sent me to another angel, and he to another, and so on until I stood before God and his tribunal. And God touched me with his hand between the shoulders, so much so that the coldness of his hand reached even to the marrow of my spine. And God said to me: I have set for you and your people fifty prayers. And when I had descended to the fourth heaven, Moses advised me that I should ascend again to relieve myself, because my people |263r| were not able to bear so much. And on my first return I obtained remission from ten to the fourth time.And on the fifth return from the fourth to the seventh, there remained only five prayers. And when Moses had said: Nor will they be able to do this, I, because of the confusion of having to ascend so many times, did not ascend any more, but riding back to Elberak, I rode back to the house in Mesque. And the time of all this was less than a tenth of the night. More of this vision is that which we have left behind, says the author, than that which we have narrated. And when Mohammed had narrated this fiction to all nations, sixty thousand men departed from his law. And when they said to him: Ascend into heaven while we are looking at it by day and let us see the angels meeting, he did not recognize his falsehood but said: Praise be to my God. Am I anything else than one of the men and a messenger? So also in the chapter of the Prophets he tells of those who complained that miracles were performed by him. Thus they said of Mohammed, namely: You listened to dreams but you sang blasphemies or perhaps you compose poetry. Come to us at least with one miracle, as the former were sent. God answered, he said: There are cities before them who did not believe, do they themselves believe? And how can they expect miracles from him? He answered them: Because those who preceded you did not believe in miracles, nor do you believe in miracles, nor will you believe except by the sword. Listen then, O Mahometians: if you verify the Alchoran |263v|, it is he who affirms that Mahomet never performed a miracle. But there were far more whom the sword consumed than those who followed him freely.
Noter les nombreuses variantes de détail entre les deux textes: Riccoldo a suppressed aver raison "ubi corpus Mahomet est", après la mention de la Mecque (f. 261v, 18), c'est à Médine en effet que Mahomet est interré; or f. 262r, 21, il manque dans l' Alpbolica la répétition de la question qui seule explique l'"iterum", ce passage semble plus complet chez Riccoldo. Bien sûr, Riccoldo n'a pas retenu cette traduction stupide de Elharam par tratrocinium (confusion between harâm , "sacred", and harâm î, "voleur"?).
[7] L'Ancien Testament conna ît des récits de transports dans les cieux; cf. Daniel 14:33-39; 2 Kings 2 :1-12; Ez 8:2-11:25; 40,1-48, these voyages are described as visions. Saint Paul evoque son voyage mystique en 2 Cor 12,1-4.
[8] frigiditatem ] fritate cod ., -igid- superadd. R