Against the law of the Saracens

By Fr. Riccoldo da monte di Croce, O.P.
Florence; c. 1243-1320

 

Is an irrational law and Religion [1] ,
Chapter 8

Eighth, it must be considered that even without any miracle, the law of Muhammad could be accepted by the world and affirmed to be the law of God, provided it were reasonable [2] .

But it is completely irrational both in terms of the minister and in terms of himself and in terms of the work and in terms of the end .

(7) First, therefore, it is clear that it is unreasonable in the sense of the minister . For it is altogether unreasonable that a law so holy, as they assert that the Koran is the true word of God, should have been given by such a wicked man, a rapist, adulterer, incestuous, murderer, and guilty of other sins, which are evident to all who know his life.

(12) And the Muslims reply that David committed both adultery and murder, and Moses was a murderer, and yet both of them were legitimate prophets of God . [3] So too, Muhammad could have been a true prophet of God, although he was sometimes a sinner.

(16) But this answer is not valid. For Moses and David did penance for sin, and this is found. For David confessed his guilt and grieved himself greatly and deserved forgiveness. Hence after he said, “I have sinned,” Nathan said to him from the mouth of God: “And the Lord has taken away your sin.” But it is not found of Muhammad that he confessed his guilt or that he did penance, but rather he always added blasphemy to sin, confirming it by an unjust law. For as is certain to all Saracens, Muhammad loved a certain Mary Jacobina, whom Macouques, king of the Jacobins, had presented to him [4] . But two of Muhammad’s wives, namely one named Aisse daughter of Hebibekr, the most noble among them, and Haassa daughter of Homar, were moved with jealousy [5] . When they entered upon him one day, they found the said Muhammad sleeping with the said Mary, and they said to him: “Is it fitting to do so? | 196r | "A prophet?" He blushed and swore that he would never know her again. And so they were appeased by his oath.

(30) And when a little time had passed, he could not restrain himself from her. And he made a law of this, as if from the mouth of God revealing it to him, and then he pronounced a sentence in the Koran in the chapter Elmeteharrem , which is interpreted "prohibition" or "anathema", which reads thus: "O prophet, why do you forbid what God has granted you? To appease your wives' demands? God has already laid down a law for you that you may break your oaths". Thus he perjured himself, and again he knew her; and he said that God had dispensed with him in the oath, and upon this Michael and Gabriel are witnesses [6] .

(37) And one of his wives said to him: “O Muhammad, God rejoiced in your desire!” By this he meant perhaps to say “God in heaven has made himself your own incest”. And he added: “Has God himself commanded you to do such things, when even in yourself you detest this verbosity? Perhaps God seeks to appease you through such things and draw closer to him”. But he himself read to the two wives all that follows in the chapter of the Prohibition , and said as if in the person of God: “Repent before God because your hearts have turned aside”, as if to say: “For this that they have slandered him of incest”. And it immediately follows: “If God, if he should repudiate you, may give him in your place wives better than you, Saracens, faithful, wealthy, penitent, adoring, praising, agile and virgins”. Hearing which they said: “Let us repent” [7] .

(49) He did the same when he took the wife of Zeid, his foster-father. He said the sentence which is in the chapter of Elhazeb , that God said to him: "You conceal in your soul what God reveals and you fear men, but it is right that you fear God. For when Zeid rejected her, we married her to you, O Muhammad." And Zeid said to him: "Have you married her, O messenger of God?" He replied: "Woe to you! God married her to me." She later boasted that God had married her, those other parents of theirs [8] .
Behold, he covered up a lesser sin with a greater one; for as the same Muhammad says: "There is no greater sin than to tell a lie to God."

(58) Furthermore, if any other sin were tolerable in a prophet, it seems less tolerable that he should be lewd and unclean, since the Holy Spirit does not touch the hearts of prophets in a venereal act, as Jerome says [ 9] . And the Philosopher says that in that act it is impossible to understand a man [10] . It is therefore completely unreasonable that the minister and prophet of the law of so great a salvation, as the Saracens say, should be a most carnal and unclean man. He also boasts of this, that his power and capacity for lust in acting is as great as in forty men [11] , when nevertheless God deprived him of the fertility of sons; for we read that he had only one daughter.

(67) Therefore this law is not reasonable on the part of the minister. Both because he is wicked and carnal; and also because he is so ignorant and uncertain that he himself testifies in the choir that he does not know what will become of him or of the Saracens, and does not know whether he or they are on the way to salvation or not [12] .

 

The Law itself is not reasonable on its own part.

 

 

 

[1] Rational and reasonable: they do not seem to have covered the same semantic field in medieval culture. A match can be found in Uguccione da Pisa [† 1210] , Derivationes II, 1024 § R 24 under the heading "Reor" : «[4] Hence... both rational -e and rationabilis -e; and although Boethius takes these names indifferently, they differ nevertheless, because rational is said to be that which uses reason, as man, angel, soul, rational being that which is acted upon or said by reason, or that which acts or says by reason; hence many, indeed all men are rational, but not all are rational».

[2] Cf. St. Thomas, Against the Gentiles I, 7: "That the truth of reason is not contrary to the truth of the Christian faith" (EL 13, p. 19).

[2b] Yes, brother Emilio, I do not know how to translate these words of yours, my dear brother brother Riccoldo!

[ 3] 2 Kings 11:1-27; Exodus ​2:11-41; Heart ​38,24-25; J. JOMIER, Commentaire coranique du Manar , Paris 1954, pp. 185-186.

[4] Encycl. de l'Islam , 1 a ed., "Mâriya"; "Al-Mukawkas".

[5] Encycl. de l'Islam , 2nd ed ., "A'isha bint Abî Bakr"; "Hafsa".

 - jealousy = jealousy, suspicion, envy: cf. Uguccione da Pisa [† 1210] , Derivationes II, 1308, Z 26.

[6] Contrarietas alpholica VII, Paris BN lat. 3394, f. 245v, 2-14: « Mohammed loved a certain Mary Jacobite, whom Macoquex, king of the Jacobites, had presented to him. Two of Machometo's wives, namely one named Aisse daughter of Ebibeker, the most noble among them, and Hassia daughter of Omar, were moved with jealousy; and when they entered upon him one day, they found the said Mohammed recognizing the said Mary, and they said to him: "Is it fitting not to do so?". He blushed and swore that he would never recognize her again. And so they rested upon their oath. And when a little time had passed, he could not restrain himself from her and said: The Lord made a vision descend upon me for Mary, saying: O prophet, why do you forbid what God has granted? To appease your demanding wives, namely those aforesaid, God has already laid down a law for you, so that you may save your oaths; And so he betrayed her, and he knew her again.

Alpholica VII, f. 245r, 18 - f. 245v, 1: «Also in the chapter Eltahrim, which is interpreted as a prohibition or anathema: O Prophet, why do you anathematize, or forbid, what God has granted? Why do you seek to do the will of your wives? And God is forgiving and merciful. God could already make a law for you to dissolve your oaths».

Alpholica VII, f. 247r, 10: «And on this Michael and Gabriel are witnesses». Cf. CLS 12, 53-54 .

[7] Contrarietas alpholica VII, Paris BN lat. 3394, f. 245v, 19 - 246r, 11: « And one of the wives said to him: «0 Machomet, God hastened in your desire». By this he meant to say perhaps God in his heaven has brought you close to incest, and added: Has God himself commanded you to do such things? since you detest this even in yourself, this verboseness; perhaps God seeks to appease you through such things and draw close to you. He himself, however, reads to the two wives all that follows in the chapter of the Vetation: «Repent before God, for your hearts have turned away» (66,4), as if to say: about this which they have slandered, since about incest it immediately follows: if perhaps God should repudiate you, let him give you wives better than you, Saracens, believers, wealthy, penitents, adoring, praising, agile and virgins» [66, 5]. Which when they heard, they said: "Let us repent." Cor . 66:8 ( 'ughfur lanâ , "forgive us").

[8] Contrarietas alpholica VIII, f. 247r, 2- 12 : « God sent me a vision , rebuking for the wife of Zeid and they said: What is that, messenger of God? And he said the sentence which is in the chapter of Elahzab when he said to him on which grace he placed: Take to yourself your wife, trusting in God; you conceal in your soul what God reveals and you fear men, but it is just that you fear God. For when Zeid rejected her, we married her to you, O Muhammad. And Zeid said: Have you married her yet, messenger of God? He replied: Woe to you! God himself married her to me from heaven, and over this Michael and Gabriel are witnesses. And he hastened to enter to her . Who afterwards boasted among the other wives that God had married her from heaven ». Cf. Cor. , al-ahzâb (33) 37.

[9] Attributed to Saint Jerome by Peter Lombard ( Sententiae IV, dist. 32, c. 3, n° 3: Sententiae in IV libris distinctae (1155-58), ed. cura PP. Collegii S. Bonaventurae, Grottaferrata 1971, II, 455-56 ), this text is from Origen ( Super. Num ., Homélie 6, n° 3, PG 12, 610 C); cf. S. THOMAS, De veritate , EL 22/2, p. 380, note 30, and Summa theol . I-II, 34, 1, obj. 1 (EL 6, p. 235).

[10] ARISTOTLE, Ethique à Nicomaque VII, 11, 1152 b 17-19 (AL XXVI, 1-3, 4, p. 513, 16-18). Cf. S. THOMAS, Super Ethique VII, 11 (EL 47/2, p. 425, 93-102).

[11] Cf. DANIEL (ed. 1960) p. 97, and note 50. = N. Daniel , Islam et Occident , Paris (Éd. du Cerf) 1993, p. 137

[12] Cf. Cor . 46, 9; Contrarietas alpholica VIII, Paris BN lat. 3394, f. 249r, 17-19: «Because Muhammad knew neither about his status and that of all the Saracens, nor what would happen to him after death».