Against the law of the Saracens

By Fr. Riccoldo da monte di Croce, O.P.
Florence; c. 1243-1320

 

The law of the Muslims is not confirmed by miracles,
Chapter 7

The seventh is to consider that the Quran is not the law of God, nor is Muhammad the messenger of God because no miracle attests to him [1] .

(5) For when God sent Moses to Pharaoh, He showed great miracles. Elijah, Elisha and other prophets performed great and unheard-of miracles, and especially all those who brought something new to the world. But Christ came properly with great wonders and signs, as Muhammad also says in the Koran. But if the Saracens say that Muhammad himself performed many and great miracles, as he restored the broken moon and made a spring of water flow from his fingers, these are frivolous and contrary to their Koran.
(12) For Muhammad forbids them to believe anything about him except what is written in the Koran. "Of all the prophets," he says, "many things have been said; lest this should happen to me, let only that be held true about me which is supported by the authority of the Koran." Who, since he did not perform a miracle, wishing to show it, introduces the Lord speaking, saying: "The Lord said to me: Therefore I do not permit you to perform miracles, because I fear that you may do miracles, as the other prophets did" [ Cor . 17,59]. Therefore, by his own testimony he is convinced that he performed no sign
[2] .

(19) For Muhammad himself frequently recites in the Quran that when people said to him, "Show me signs, as Moses and Christ and the other prophets did," he said that Moses came with signs, and the other messengers, and especially Christ who came | 194v | with the greatest wonders, and the world did not believe them [3] . But he said that they were magicians, therefore God does not allow me to work miracles, for they would not believe; but I came in the power of arms [4] .

(25) But this is convinced to be an outright lie. For how could they not believe him if he performed miracles who believed in him without any miracle? For he commanded them such things to which the world is prone, and runs without any miracle and command [5] , namely, that they should kill and kidnap, and impregnate many women and that they should take a tooth for a tooth and an eye for an eye. But to all these things worldly men are so prone that they can scarcely be restrained even with great avengers and judges.

(32) But what he adds as a sign that he was sent by God in the power of arms, contains an express falsehood. For he was not always a conqueror like Moses and Jesus, Noah and Elijah, whom the angel of the Lord always protected and made conquerors [6] . But Muhammad sometimes conquered and was conquered, like other tyrants [7] ; for his teeth were broken in battle and his face bruised.

(38) From which it is also clear that it is not that miracle which they introduce as a sign, namely that a large part of the world suddenly adhered to him. For he established such a law and gave such commands to which men are prone even without a command, as was clear above . For he said: “God has commanded me to conquer the nations with the sword until they testify that there is no God but God and that I am his messenger; but if they have confessed this, they have saved their blood and their money.” [8] And hence the Saracens are called “saved.” For whoever received [ such ] the command of Mohammed, he and his followers saved him, that is, they did not kill or plunder him. Hence the Saracens are not called “Saracens” but messelamin , which is interpreted “saved” [9] . But they themselves truly believe that they are saved, and they mock the Christians who do not want to be called messelamin , that is, “saved” like themselves, but Christians.

(50) But since many people received such salvation from Muhammad, for the aforementioned reason he later caused it to be proclaimed: «Whoever says "There is no God but God" will enter paradise, even if he has committed fornication and robbery». Then a certain man called Ebidorda came to Muhammad and asked if this was true, and he answered that it was. And he added: | 195r | «Even if he drinks wine with the previous ones and even if he kills»; and he added: «Even if Ebidorda twists his nose». But to confirm all this he did not show a miracle but drew his sword [10] .

(59) The same is stated more explicitly in the chapter on the Prophets , where it is read: They said of Muhammad, namely, " You have listened to dreams, but you have composed blasphemies, or perhaps you have composed poetry. Come to us at least with one miracle, as those who were sent before you." He replies: "We have destroyed, says God, cities before those who did not believe." And after: Those who preceded you did not believe, nor would you believe in miracles except by the sword, etc. He asserted, however, that God sent Gabriel for him, who led to him a certain beast larger than a donkey and smaller than a mule, named Elborak [11] , which spoke, and that it traveled in one hour a distance and a journey of fifty thousand years. And he did all these things at night; and certain other delusions of which will be spoken later [12] .

(70) But the Christian faith, which is a very difficult thing to do, is entirely founded on useful and manifest miracles, which not only Christ performed, but also the apostles after him, and also the doctors who expounded the gospel and the sayings of the apostles. And even to this day miracles of casting out demons, healing the sick, and raising the dead have continued . [13] These miracles are performed and have been performed by Christians, who say that Christ crucified is the true and only God.

(77) But if the Saracens said that they do not believe these things and that they were not done, we showed them a greater miracle. For it is clear that the whole world worshipped idols, and especially the Romans who held the monarchy of the world. These received the Christian faith, and not only accepted that Christ crucified was the true God, but also despised all the other gods who for so long had given them answers in idols, nor did they impose any burdens on them; since the Christian faith imposes on the world such difficult and unusual things as to despise the world, to despise oneself, to love enemies, to pray for those who persecute, to do good to evildoers, not to covet others' goods, to be generous with one's own. The world accepted all these and abandoned the former rite, either because of sufficient miracles or without a miracle.

(87) But it was a greater miracle | 195v | if it could be procured without a miracle, even by impotent and simple men [14] ; and this [this ed .] the Christians did, not by killing others but by equanimously enduring death from others. It is therefore clear in every way that the faith of the Christians is founded on stupendous miracles, and that the law of Mohammed is also supported by no miracle. For he was such that he did not need a miracle, especially as regards carnal and worldly men. But others, namely intelligent, literate and virtuous men, do not at all place faith in him [15] .

 

[1] Cf. Contrarietas alpholica III, Paris BN lat. 3394, f. 240r, 12-15: «Chapter three. That Muhammad does not attest to either the old testament or the new or a miracle».

[2] R wrote in the margin of the text: «That which happened to others who performed miracles may not happen to you, namely because the world did not believe» [= Riccold's handwritten manuscript that proposes a less vague translation of Cor . 17,59].

PIERRE-ALPHONSE, Dialogi 5, (PL 157, 601 A-133; ce passage [rr. 11-18] se trouve dans le "Corpus islamologique" de Mare de Tolède, à la suite de l' Alpholica ( Paris BN lat. 3394, ff. 264v-265r). Sur la citation coranique qu'elle comporte ("Dixit Dominus... fearo", Cor . 17, 59) cf. G. MONNOT, Les citations coraniques dans le «Dialogus» de Pierre Alfonse , «Cahiers de Fanjeaux» 18, Toulouse 1983, pp. 267 et 271. Pierre le Vénérable († 1156) avait ce verset coranique dans liber contra sectam : prodigies... This is the cause of so many, O Mahomet, "whereby without miracles you came to men, sent by God, because they would reject them as hateful and contrary, and would contradict the truth that came to them"; cf. KRITZECK, p. 278 and p. 27, note 83. Cf. Cor . 5,70.

[3] Cf. Heart ​28,48; 34,43; 6,7. Les miracles de Mahomet et sa mission prophetique: cf. L. GARDET, Dieu et la destiny de l'homme , pp. 193-214, 221 sqq.

[4] St. Thomas, Contra Gentiles I, 6: «But he said he was put in the power of arms» (EL 13, p. 17, b 27). Cor. 17,10 according to the marginal note «b» of this chapter.

[5] St. Thomas, Against the Gentiles I, 6: «He also delivered precepts in conformity with the promises, loosening the reins to carnal pleasure, in which it is ready for carnal men to obey» (EL 13, p. 17, b 17).

[6] Cf. Exod . 15,1-21; Ios . 23,2-5; III Reg . 19,5-8. But there were the defeats of Joshua ( Ios . 7), and those of the Maccabees ( I Mach . 11,70-71; 12,39; II Mach . 6-7). «Jesus of Nazareth»: cf. Eccl . 46,1 ( Vulgata Latina ); CLS 9, 138 .

[7] Mahomet victorieux à Badr ( Cor . 3,119) et à la Campagne du Fossé ( Cor . 33,9-27), échoue à Ohod ( Cor . 8,39-44).

[8] Contrarietas alpholica IV, Paris BN lat. 3394, ff. 241v, 19 - 242r, 1: «He said: God commanded me to conquer the nations with the sword until they testify that there is no God but God and that I am his messenger; and if they had confessed this, they would have saved their blood and money».

[9] Saracens ] Saracens cod ., -r- add. R

Cf. Contrarietas alpholica III, f. 240r, 17: «They call themselves saved». The Arabic meaning of 'aslama is «to submit», the Muslim is the «submissive». Epistles I, p. 266 = BAV, Vat. lat. 7317, f. 250v : « and the following do not call them Saracens but messalammos , which is interpreted as saved ».

[10] Contrarietas alpholica IV, f. 242r, 2-9: «Whoever said "There is no god but God" will enter paradise, even if he has committed fornication or robbery; and he ordered this to be preached. But a certain man named Ebidorda came to Muhammad and asked if this was true; and he answered and added: even if Ebidorda twisted his nose... Therefore your prophet has drawn his sword and called the nations to his law without any certainty or prophecy». A Hadith of Al-Tabarani says that salvation is procured by the proclamation of only the first part of the Shahada. (M. BORRMANS, Rites and worship in Islam , «Mission Studies» 23 [1974] 161-189). On "Ebidorda", cf. Encycl. of Islam , 2nd ed ., «Abû l-Dardâ'».

[11] Contrarietas alpholica XII, Paris BN lat. 3394, f. 262r, 5-6: «He brought me a beast larger than a donkey and smaller than a mule, and his name was Elberak». The ancient Hadiths describe this animal as «a beast of a size intermediate between a mule and a donkey»; cf. Encycl. de l'Islam , 2nd ed ., «al-Burâk». Cf. CLS cap. 14 .

[12] Chapter add. R marg. d .

[13] Contrarietas alpholica X, f. 256r, 13-20: «Muhammad, when asked to give the certainty of his prophecy by miracles, brought nothing. Christ enlightened the blind, cleansed lepers, raised the dead, in order to demonstrate that he was not only a prophet, that is, the Son of God. Christ also gave his Apostles power over unclean spirits and over every infirmity and to raise the dead. But Muhammad never restored sight to the blind or life to the dead, nor did he cast out demons».

[14] Cf. S. THOMAS , Against the Gentiles I , 6 (EL 13, p. 17, b 3-7).

[15] Cf. CLS 13, 95-97 .