Against the law of the Saracens

By Fr. Riccoldo da monte di Croce, O.P.
Florence; c. 1243-1320

 

The Quran is a violent law and the law of death


Chapter ten

Tenthly, we must consider that the Quran is not the law of God because it is violent. And to put it briefly, this law can properly be called the law of killing and death, not only because it leads to eternal death but also because it forces men through | 204r | death and bodily killing to believe what is said in it [1] .

(8) In the Koran, however, in the chapter Elbachera which is interpreted "cow", it is said that in the law of God there is no compulsion, and that the horse has already been defined from the beginning. But there is no greater compulsion than by killing. Therefore that law which compels by killing is not the law of God. But the Saracens themselves call it anthonomasically din ellessalem [2] , which is interpreted as the law of salvation and the law of God, when properly - as has been said - it should be called the law of damnation and killing. And this was the only way that was suitable for such a law and such a legislator that they would consent to the law of eternal death through fear of bodily death; just as, on the contrary, Christians, by despising bodily death, attain eternal life.

(17) Seeing therefore that Muhammad, or rather his disciple, namely the devil, that that law was at variance with all the laws of God, new and old, and that it was also discordant with itself, and that it was without miracle and without reason, and that it contained open falsehoods and from this it was bound to have many contradictors, he gave to Muhammad himself a fitting instrument, namely the sword [3] for killing. And he himself gave in addition to this a command in the law that those who contradicted and also those who did not believe should be killed [4] . And therefore it is not said in one chapter, but in the whole book it is commanded as if universally, "Kill, kill" [5] .

( 25) This is clearly the way contrary to Christ, who commands us to love our enemies, to pray for those who persecute us, and to do good to those who harm us. This Mohammed was the forerunner of the antichrist, who prepared the way for the "son of perdition" in the world.

( 28) How irrational this way and method is was made clear above in the eighth chapter. For, as Augustine says, "A man can do other things even if he does not want to, but he cannot believe unless he wants to" [6] . Therefore, he who is forced will say with his mouth "I believe", but he will not believe at all with his heart; although the Lord requires the heart most of all from man, according to the saying "Son, give me your heart".

(33) But his uncle was brought to Mahomet to be a Saracen, who said: What will happen if I do not do this, O son of my brother? To whom Mahomet: I will kill you, O uncle. | 204v | Who said: It cannot be otherwise? No, he said. And he said: I will follow you on whatever you wish, only with tongue not with heart and with fear of the sword.
Homar
[7] also, the son of Cateb Maadi, when he was compelled said: Lord, you know that I do not become a Saracen except through fear of the sword.
The son of Eby Hastaa also became a Saracen through fear of the sword; whence he sent letters to Mesques, which a woman had hidden among the hairs of her head
[8] , announcing to them the arrival of Mahomet so that they should beware of violence in his doctrine [9] .

(44) It should be noted, however, that there are four parts of those who hold the error of Mohammed. The first part entered Saracenism, those who entered by the sword, as has been said; and now also, knowing their error, would repent if they did not fear the sword. Another part entered, those who, deceived by the devil, believe that what is true is false. The third part, however, is those who do not want to depart from the error of their forefathers, but say that they hold what their fathers held; from whose fathers' opinion they rather depart, who - instead of the idolatry they held - chose the sect of Mohammed, which was undoubtedly less evil. The fourth part is those who, because of their more relaxed life with a multitude of wives and other granted licenses, loved the eternity of another world more than the [10] eternity.

( 57) And with these also those who are called wise and literate among the Saracens feel, not because they believe that law to be true or good simply, but “because the vehemence of pleasure absorbs the judgment of reason”, as the Wise Man says [11] . In the same way, many literate Christians do not keep the law of the Gospel, which they nevertheless believe to be true and good simply, but rather imitate the way of the Koran, which they nevertheless believe to be in truth a fiction [12] . And the sign of this is in both, that while some Saracens become Christians and some Christians become Saracens, a Christian never becomes a Saracen in death but in life, but a Saracen rather becomes a Christian in death than in life. Therefore, each of them | 205r | chooses to die a Christian rather than a Saracen, unless the aforementioned violence is withdrawn.

(69 ) There are three clear signs of the violence of the law, apart from what has been said, that it so often says and commands, "Kill . " [13] One is that Mohammed told them that that law would last only as long as their victory in arms and temporal power lasted. But certainly, as Chrysostom said, "such is the nature of truth that when attacked by many it grows stronger, just as, on the contrary, falsehood promoted by many fails in itself." [14] Truth, therefore, does not need the support of temporal power, and especially "the truth of the Lord which endures forever." [ Ps . 116:2] For the law of the Christians, during the time of persecution, which lasted three hundred and ten continuous years, was most promoted both in the number of believers and in the evidence of miracles.

( 80) The second sign is the aforementioned violence, because when they gather for preaching and for the law to be explained to them, the teacher of the Saracens who must present the word, first draws his sword and holds it in his hand while he preaches, or places it in a prominent place to strike fear . [15] But Christians, when they preach, do not raise a sword but a cross to show signs not of violence but of innocence, like men who are sent by Christ "like sheep in the midst of wolves."

( 87) The third sign is that of murder and violence, because the Saracens themselves alone nourish the Assassins [16] , murderers of men, to whom they promise eternal life by the very act of active and passive murder, and send them throughout the world to treacherously kill the princes of the world. For these Assassins have their camps and fortresses around Mount Lebanon, and are obedient to the sultan of Babylon, who is the head of the Saracens, and they themselves are Saracens by custom and law; and they are not called Assassins by the Saracens, but are called Ishmaelites [17] , as it were the root and stock of the Saracens, and the principal defenders and preservers of the law of Mahomet. For to this end they are specially instructed and nurtured to practice murder. This crime is horrified not only by Christians, who have the most holy law, but also by the Tartars , who say that they have no law but the law of nature [18] .

(99 ) From these things, therefore, it is clear that | 205v | the law of the Saracens is a law of killing and violence. But it is violent whose movement is from without, «nothing imparting force to the victim», as Aristotle says [19] . And consequently it is clear that the law itself is not the law of God.

 

[1] Cf.Contrarietas alpholicaII, Paris BN lat. 3394, f.239r, 15-16; Cor. 8,7. G. WIET,L'Islam, "Encyclopédie de la Pléiade", Histoire Universelle, T. 2, Paris 1957, pp. 59-66.

[2] dîn al-islâm = religion dell'abbandono or submission to God.

L'interpretation de dîn al-Islâm , par "religion du salut", est le résultat d'une mauvaise leture de Islâm . Riccoldo a lu al-salâm , ou al-silm . Cf. une erreur identique dans la Doctrina Machumet,   ed. Th. Bibliander , Machumetis Saracenorum principis ..., Basel 1543, I, p. 189: "He was God's messenger, God's orator over him and salvation"; le mot salus traduit d'une manière fautive le salâm qui est demandé pour Mahomet dans la prière

[3] Le verset 5 de la Surat 9 ( al-tawba ) is called ayat al-sayf , verset du glaive.

[4] Those who contradicted and even those who did not believe would be killed, underlined (by R?)

[ 5] Heart 9,29. Riccoldo a mal traduit: qâtilû signifies "fight!" and not "tuez": cf. Heart ​2,190; 3,167; 4.76; 9,12,39,36,123; 49,90. En 9,5, q âtilû signifie «tuez-les» can il s'agit des «infidèles». Riccoldo connait des Muslims who are non-violent: Itinerarium , ed. JCM Laurent , Peregrinatores medievi aevi quatuor , Lipsiae 1873, p. 135, 14 = Book of travel , Berlin, Staatsbibliothek lat. 4°.466, f. 19 ​A. SCHER, La chronique de Seert , Patt. Orient., t. 13, c. 103, 614 (Aucun chrétien ne sera fait musulman par force).

[6] Cf. S. AUGUSTINE,Tractatus in Iohannis evangeIiumXXVI, 2 (CCSL 36, p. 260); in S. THOMAS,Summa theol. II-II, 10, 8, arg. 3.

[7] Encycl. de l'Islam , 1st ed ., «'Omar Ibn al-Khattâb».
In the preceding sentence, correct Sequar te super pro uolueris of the printed edition to Sequar te super quo uolueris (so clearly in the codex)

[8] This episode is reported by TABARI, Mohammad, sceau des prophètes , Paris 1980, pp. 281-282.

[9] Contrarietas alpholica IV , Paris BN lat. 3394, ff. 242r, 91, - 242v, 10: «But they also brought the uncle of Mahomet himself to be a Saracen, who said: What will happen if I do not do this, O son of my brother? Mahomet said: I will kill you, O uncle. Who said: Nor can it be otherwise, O son of my brother? No, he said. And he said: I will follow you, on whom you wish, only with tongue not with heart, and this for fear of the sword. Omar also, to the sons of Catheb Maadi, when he was compelled, said: Lord, you know that I do not become a Saracen except for fear of the sword. Even the son of Ebi Hastaa became a Saracen for fear of the sword; whence he sent letters to Mesques, which the woman hid among the hair of her head, announcing to them the arrival of Mahomet, so that they might beware of the violence of his doctrine».

[10] eternity: this is the sequel and the other . R

Contrarietas alpholica II, f. 239r, 14 - 239v, 6: «Four are the parties of those who hold the error of Mahomet. The first party entered Saracenism, those who entered by the sword, and now even knowing their error would repent if they did not fear the sword. And another party entered those who, deceived by the devil, believe that what is false is true: for they were so simple-minded that Mahomet persuaded them (...). The third party is those who do not want to depart from the error of their ancestors, but say that they hold what their fathers held; from whose fathers they rather retreat, who, instead of the idolatry they held, chose the sect of Mahomet, which is undoubtedly less evil. The fourth party is those who, because of their looser life in the multitude of wives and other concessions, loved more than the eternity of another world.» It is to the «larger» of the moral law of the Saracens that Riccoldo attributes the conversion of the Mongols to Islam, cf. Itinerarium XIII, p. 121  = Book of pilgrimage , Berlin, Staatsbibliothek lat. 4°.466, ff. 10vb -11ra .

[11] S. THOMAS, De Veritate 15, 4, arg. 3 (EL 22, p. 493); Summa theol . II-II, 55, 8, to 1 (EL 8 p. 403).

[12] Note added. R margin. s .

[ 13] Cor . 9, 29, 30 ( qâtalahumu-l-lah , "Qu'Allah les tue" BLACHERE, p. 217; "Que Dieu les anéantisse!", MASSON, p. 228 and note p. 846). BIach ère a traduit ici comme Riccoldo, qâtala par "tuer" and not par "combattre"; that which is uncontrasens. CLS, 10, 24 .

Qui, come in molti altri luoghi, anziché insister su traduzioni o esegesi contemporanee, sareb più pertinente collecti le interpretioni coraniche dei musulmani e delle comunità islamiche del tardo medioevo, tempi di Riccoldo; con esse, e contro di esse, si commisura la polemica riccoldiana. EP, febr. 2011

[14] S. JEAN Chrysostome, Homélies sur Saint Jean , 58, 1 ( Joh . 9, 18), (PG 58, 315) . C f. Vat. Ottob. lat., 227, f. 99ra: «But this is the nature of truth: by which it is thought that one suffers the snares of the beasts, by which one becomes stronger, by which one becomes brighter by which one is shadowed».

[15] Le Khatib tient parfois dans la main droite pendant la khutba [= sermone ufficiale] un bâton ou une lance ( Encycl. de l'Islam , 2 a ed., "khatib ", p. 1141 ).

[16] Cf. B. LEWIS, Les Assassins, terrorism et politique dans l'Islam médiéval , Paris 1982.

[17] Ysmaelite] Ysmaelite cod ., -h- add . R. Dans ce passage, les trois variantes de l'orthograpbe Assisinos, Assassini, Assissini, dans le codex . Uguccione da Pisa [† 1210] , Derivationes II, 365, E 30/6-7.

Itinerary VII, ed. JCM Laurent , Peregrinators of the Middle Ages... , Lipsiae 1873, p. 113 = Liber peregrinationis , Berlin, Staatsbibliothek lat. 4°.466, f. 6ra : «From Accon we passed by the sea near Tyre and Sidon - two hundred miles - we came to Tripoli, near which - four miles - is «a spring of springs and a well of living waters» [ Cant . 4,15]. From there - ten miles - we saw Mount Pardorum and - fifteen miles - Mount Lebanon, where there are Maronites, who say that in Christ there is one will; yet they agree with us in all other respects more than any oriental sect. There near them - forty miles - are the Adsessini, whom the orientals call Ysmaelites, born of Ysmael; and while they kill and are killed they think that they are immediately taken to certain delights in which they believe there is eternal life. These are Saracens according to the law».

[18] Cf. Itinerarium IX, ed. Laurent , Peregrinatores... p.115, 16 = Liber peregrinationis , Berlin, Staatsbibliothek lat. 4°.466, f. 6vb .


[19]  Aristotle , Ethique III, 1 (1110b 15-17; AL XXVI, p. 411, 26-27).