Against the law of the Saracens
By Fr. Riccoldo da monte di Croce, O.P.
Florence; c. 1243-1320
The Law of the Muslims contains open falsehoods
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Ninth, it is necessary to consider that this law is not the law of God because it contains open falsities. For God is the first and highest truth, from whom no falsehood can be said. |
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(6) In the Koran, however, it is said in the chapter of Jonah: “Say: who guides to truth?” And he answers: “Say: God guides truth, and he who guides truth is truth and it is fitting to imitate him”; and after: “Certainly it is not fitting for the law of God that anything should be said without God”. But falsehood and a commandment are said without God [2] ; for as Augustine says : “If a single falsehood were found in the Gospel, the whole Gospel would be held to be suspect and rejected as false for the same reason” [3] . The Koran indeed contains many truths which are found in the Gospel and the Law of Moses and the Prophets; but Muhammad himself intersperses so many manifest falsehoods of his own that the whole must be considered truly suspect and false, and the work of “he who is a liar and his father”. |
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(17) But his principal falsehoods are reduced to ten kinds [4] : for he says falsehoods about himself , about Christians , about Jews , about apostles , about patriarchs , about demons , about angels , about the Virgin Mary , about Christ and about God . |
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(20) He indeed says of himself that he is the end and the seal and the silence of all the prophets, and commands that whoever after him claims to be a prophet be killed. But is "the hand of the Lord shortened" that he cannot give the spirit of prophecy to another after him? And indeed, not only Christians and Jews, but also the Saracens say that there were many among them after him who had the spirit of prophecy; and they also received in Baldacco a certain prophet who was called Sollem [5] , which is interpreted "ladder", whom the Tartars killed | 200r | and with him a not small multitude of Saracens [6] . |
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(29) He also says of himself, and boasts of himself as if in the person of God, that "if all men and all spirits, or angels, were gathered together, they could not make such a choir as this." [7] For either he himself understands that they cannot do it without the help of God, nor does he himself say that he did it without the help of God; or he understands that they could not do it even with the help of God, but then it is manifest blasphemy. |
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(35) But of Christians he says that they give God a share. Which is manifestly false; for Christians throughout the whole world say that God is most one and most simple [8] . |
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(38) Furthermore, he says in the chapter delteube, which is interpreted "penitence", that Christians deify their bishops and pontiffs and religious [9] . Which is false. But this Muhammad said as if ignorant of the language. For the Chaldean Christians [10] and all Eastern Christians call bishops and religious, for the sake of honor, raban, which is interpreted "teacher" or "my elder". But in the Arabic language rab is the name of God, which is interpreted "lord" absolutely, and is understood of God alone; as also among us when we say "Lord be with you" [11] . Therefore Muhammad believed that Christians called them gods. |
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(47) Moreover, he himself says of Christians that they deify Mary [12] , and he introduces in the chapter Elmeyde, which is interpreted "table," as if Christ were excusing himself before God for not having told the world that his mother was God. And certainly Christians do not say this either, namely, that the blessed Mary is a god or a goddess, but they say that she was a most pure woman. For the Gospel does not call her a goddess or an angel, but "a woman." |
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(53) Furthermore, he himself infers in the chapter of Elmeyde, which is interpreted as "table", that Christians and also Jews are not the children of God nor the friends of God; which he proves by the fact that "they are afflicted, as he says, for sins". But this is a manifestly false proof; for "many are the tribulations of the just", and as the apostle says to the Hebrews "God scourges every son whom he receives". Otherwise, however, both the just and | 200v | the wicked are scourged by God; for even the Saracens themselves were scourged most severely by the Tartars , who have no law [13] . |
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(60) But of the Jews the aforesaid Muhammad says in the chapter delteube, which is interpreted "penitence," that they deify Eleazar and say that "he is the son of God." But this is manifestly false, because the Jews deify no man nor do they call him the son of God. |
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(64) Furthermore, in the chapter Elnesa, which is interpreted "women", he says that the Jews themselves say that "they killed Christ Jesus the son of Mary, the messenger of God". This is expressly false. For the Jews do not say that Jesus was the Christ nor that he was the messenger of God, but that he was a bad man; and they assert that they killed him for the sin of blasphemy [14] . |
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(69) But concerning the apostles he says in the chapter Amram, who was the father of Moses, that they protested and said to Christ that they were Saracens and imitators of the ambassadors or messengers, that is, of Mahomet. This is expressly false. For Christ and the apostles were six hundred years before Mahomet; for Mahomet arose in the time of Heraclius [15] , who began to reign in the year of our Lord six hundred and ten. |
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(74) Hence it is not yet seven hundred years since Mohammed was; but it is twelve hundred and more since Christ and the apostles were. And how could the apostles be Saracens and imitators of Mohammed, who was commanded by God, as he himself says in the Koran in the chapter Elcammar, to be the first Saracen? Saracenism therefore began with Mohammed. The apostles therefore could neither be Saracens nor be imitators of him whom they preceded by six hundred years. Or if they had been Saracens, he could not have been the first. |
[1] TH. E.BURMAN, How an Italian Friar Read His Arabic Qur'an , "Dante Studies" 125 (2007)especiallypp. 95-96: one long note (autograph of Riccoldo) in Paris, BNF, Arabe 384, f. 2r, è pressoché un abbozzo di cap. 9 delAgainst the law of the Muslims.
[2] “Because every lie is not from God”, adage; Cf. PIERRE LOMBARD, Sentences III, 38, 2, ed. Grottaferrata 1981, II, p. 215.
[3] ST. AUGUSTINE, Letters XXVIII, 3 (PL 33, 112-113); CLS 9, 257 -260.
[4] BURMAN , How an Italian Friar... , "Dante Studies" 125 ( 2007 ) 96.
[5]
Enigmatic personage, rather Salem or Sulamî?
Cf.
Itinerarium
XXXVI, ed.
JCM Laurent
, Peregrinatores
medii aevi quatuor ,
Lipsiae
1873, p. 141, 1-2 =
Liber peregrinationis
, Berlin, Staatsbibliothek lat. 4°.466, f.
23rb
.
[6] Cf. CLS 9, 59 ; 10 , 97 Sur la prise de Bagdad, cf. Encycl. de l'Islam , 2 a ed., "Baghdâd", pp. 929-930.
[7] Cor . 17,88. Cf. Contrarietas alpholica VIII, Paris BN lat. 3394, f. 247v, 12-20: «Eighth chapter: On what he says that such an Alchoran could not strike men and angels and that the prophet is general to all nations. So much arrogance has there always been that in the chapter of the children of Israel he introduces the Lord saying to himself: Say, if men and spirits were gathered to bring such an Alchoran, they would not come with such a one, even if they helped themselves a lot».
[8] Cf. Apostles' Creed : " I believe in one God" ( Roman Missal , Vatican, 1970, p. 389). H. Denzinger - A. Schönmetzer, Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum , Herder 1973.
[9] Cf. Contrarietas alpholica IX, f. 251r, 6-9: «They accepted their monks and priests at table before God; for in the East they called priests and monks rabban, and simple people believed that they were called gods»; ( Cor . 9, 31: 'ittakhadû 'ahbârahum wa ruhbânaum 'arbâbân , «They took their doctors and monks... as "Lords"», BLACHERE, p. 217). ' ahbâr , which designates doctors and theologians among the Jews, can be applied to the Christian pontiffs; but ' arbâbân (plural of rabb ), has a double meaning, that of «Lord, Master», and of «God». Cf. Encycl. de l'Islam , 1st ed ., «Rabb»; Matth . 23,7.
[10] These are the Aramaic- speaking Christians who are in Iraq; cf. Itinerarium XVII, p. 125, 32 = Liber peregrinationis , Berlin, Staatsbibliothek lat. 4°.466, f. 13ra -b .
J.-M. Fiey [† 10.XI.1995], Pour un Oriens christianus novus, Répertoire des diocèces syriaques orientalaux et occidentaux , Beirut 1993: dono dell'A., Rome August 1993, with his autograph signature.
[11] Il n'y a pas de motif d'accusation, car le mot arabe rabban vient de l'araméen et, repris dans le syriaque, signifie "Maître". Dans les monastères orientalux de langue syriaque, le moine est appelé rabban . It is al-Rabb who designates God .
[12] Cf. HAMZA BOUBAKEUR, Le Coran T. 1, Paris, 1972 , p. 395; CLS 9, 119 ff.
[13] Sur les Tatars, cf. Itinerary 9-13, ed. Laurent , Pilgrims... , Lipsiae 1873, pp. 114-122 = Travel book , Berlin, Staatsbibliothek lat. 4°.466, ff. 6va - 11rb . CLS 9, 27 -28; To the eastern nations ff. 242r-v . La prise de Bagdad comme châtiment de Dieu, cf. TM FIEY, Les cbrétiens sous les Abbassîd, pp. 273-274; and in "Muséon" 83 (1975) 59-64; et le témoignage d'Ibn al-Athir, in C. LEMERCIER-QUELQUEJAY, La paix mongoIe , Paris 1970, p. 81.
[14] Mark 14,63-64, through the case of Gesù; ea monte, le disposali di pena capitale per il crimine di blasfemìa (chi bestemmia il nome di Dio) in Leviticus 24,16.
[15] The history manual in the schools of the time: Chronicon di Martino Polono († 1278), ed. L. Weiland, MGH, SS 22 (1872) p. 457, at the time of the emperor Heraclius : «Eodem tempore Machometus propheta Saracenorum surrexit».